import org.luaj.vm2.*;
import org.luaj.vm2.compiler.LuaC;
import org.luaj.vm2.lib.*;
import org.luaj.vm2.lib.jse.*;

/** Simple program that illustrates basic sand-boxing of client scripts
 * in a server environment.
 * 
 * <p>Although this sandboxing is done primarily in Java here, these 
 * same techniques should all be possible directly from lua using metatables,
 * and examples are shown in examples/lua/samplesandboxed.lua.
 * 
 * <p> The main goals of this sandbox are:
 * <ul>
 * <li>Lightweight sandbox without using custom class loaders</li>
 * <li>use globals per-script and leave out dangerous libraries</li>
 * <li>use hook functions with Errors to limit lua scripts</li>
 * <li>use read-only tables to protect shared metatables</li>
 * 
 * @see Globals
 * @see LuaValue
 */
public class SampleSandboxed {
	// These globals are used by the server to compile scripts.
	static Globals server_globals;
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// Create server globals with just enough library support to compile user scripts.
		server_globals = new Globals();
		server_globals.load(new JseBaseLib());
		server_globals.load(new PackageLib());
		server_globals.load(new StringLib());

		// To load scripts, we occasionally need a math library in addition to compiler support.
		// To limit scripts using the debug library, they must be closures, so we only install LuaC.
		server_globals.load(new JseMathLib());
		LoadState.install(server_globals);
		LuaC.install(server_globals);

		// Set up the LuaString metatable to be read-only since it is shared across all scripts.
		LuaString.s_metatable = new ReadOnlyLuaTable(LuaString.s_metatable);

		// Example normal scripts that behave as expected.
		runScriptInSandbox( "return 'foo'" );
		runScriptInSandbox( "return ('abc'):len()" );
		runScriptInSandbox( "return getmetatable('abc')" );
		runScriptInSandbox( "return getmetatable('abc').len" );
		runScriptInSandbox( "return getmetatable('abc').__index" );

		// Example user scripts that attempt rogue operations, and will fail. 
		runScriptInSandbox( "return setmetatable('abc', {})" );
		runScriptInSandbox( "getmetatable('abc').len = function() end" );
		runScriptInSandbox( "getmetatable('abc').__index = {}" );
		runScriptInSandbox( "getmetatable('abc').__index.x = 1" );
		runScriptInSandbox( "while true do print('loop') end" );
		
		// Example use of other shared metatables, which should also be made read-only.
		// This toy example allows booleans to be added to numbers.
		runScriptInSandbox( "return 5 + 6, 5 + true, false + 6" );
		LuaBoolean.s_metatable = new ReadOnlyLuaTable(LuaValue.tableOf(new LuaValue[] {
				LuaValue.ADD, new TwoArgFunction() {
					public LuaValue call(LuaValue x, LuaValue y) {
						return LuaValue.valueOf(
								(x == TRUE ? 1.0 : x.todouble()) + 
								(y == TRUE ? 1.0 : y.todouble()) );
					}				
				},
		}));
		runScriptInSandbox( "return 5 + 6, 5 + true, false + 6" );
	}
	
	// Run a script in a lua thread and limit it to a certain number
	// of instructions by setting a hook function.
	// Give each script its own copy of globals, but leave out libraries
	// that contain functions that can be abused.
	static void runScriptInSandbox(String script) {
		
		// Each script will have it's own set of globals, which should 
		// prevent leakage between scripts running on the same server.
		Globals user_globals = new Globals();
		user_globals.load(new JseBaseLib());
		user_globals.load(new PackageLib());
		user_globals.load(new Bit32Lib());
		user_globals.load(new TableLib());
		user_globals.load(new StringLib());
		user_globals.load(new JseMathLib());

		// This library is dangerous as it gives unfettered access to the
		// entire Java VM, so it's not suitable within this lightweight sandbox. 
		// user_globals.load(new LuajavaLib());
		
		// Starting coroutines in scripts will result in threads that are 
		// not under the server control, so this libary should probably remain out.
		// user_globals.load(new CoroutineLib());

		// These are probably unwise and unnecessary for scripts on servers,
		// although some date and time functions may be useful.
		// user_globals.load(new JseIoLib());
		// user_globals.load(new JseOsLib());

		// Loading and compiling scripts from within scripts may also be 
		// prohibited, though in theory it should be fairly safe.
		// LoadState.install(user_globals);
		// LuaC.install(user_globals);

		// The debug library must be loaded for hook functions to work, which  
		// allow us to limit scripts to run a certain number of instructions at a time.
		// However we don't wish to expose the library in the user globals,
		// so it is immediately removed from the user globals once created.
		user_globals.load(new DebugLib());
		LuaValue sethook = user_globals.get("debug").get("sethook");
		user_globals.set("debug", LuaValue.NIL);

		// Set up the script to run in its own lua thread, which allows us 
		// to set a hook function that limits the script to a specific number of cycles.
		// Note that the environment is set to the user globals, even though the 
		// compiling is done with the server globals.
		LuaValue chunk = server_globals.load(script, "main", user_globals);
		LuaThread thread = new LuaThread(user_globals, chunk);

		// Set the hook function to immediately throw an Error, which will not be 
		// handled by any Lua code other than the coroutine.
		LuaValue hookfunc = new ZeroArgFunction() {
			public LuaValue call() {
				// A simple lua error may be caught by the script, but a 
				// Java Error will pass through to top and stop the script.
				throw new Error("Script overran resource limits.");
			}
		};
		final int instruction_count = 20;
		sethook.invoke(LuaValue.varargsOf(new LuaValue[] { thread, hookfunc,
						LuaValue.EMPTYSTRING, LuaValue.valueOf(instruction_count) }));

		// When we resume the thread, it will run up to 'instruction_count' instructions
		// then call the hook function which will error out and stop the script.
		Varargs result = thread.resume(LuaValue.NIL);
		System.out.println("[["+script+"]] -> "+result);
	}

	// Simple read-only table whose contents are initialized from another table.
	static class ReadOnlyLuaTable extends LuaTable {
		public ReadOnlyLuaTable(LuaValue table) {
			presize(table.length(), 0);
			for (Varargs n = table.next(LuaValue.NIL); !n.arg1().isnil(); n = table
					.next(n.arg1())) {
				LuaValue key = n.arg1();
				LuaValue value = n.arg(2);
				super.rawset(key, value.istable() ? new ReadOnlyLuaTable(value) : value);
			}
		}
		public LuaValue setmetatable(LuaValue metatable) { return error("table is read-only"); }
		public void set(int key, LuaValue value) { error("table is read-only"); }
		public void rawset(int key, LuaValue value) { error("table is read-only"); }
		public void rawset(LuaValue key, LuaValue value) { error("table is read-only"); }
		public LuaValue remove(int pos) { return error("table is read-only"); }
	}
}